coast of Great Britain and ancient France and even Scandinavia, whose aborigines learnt from the Panis the use of metals and the art of agriculture. Thus the Panis or Phoenicians spread Aryan culture not only among the Semitic peoples of Western Asia and Arabia but also among the early prehistoric people of Egypt, North Africa, the Greeks, the Romans, the Iberians, the Celts, and the Gauls of Europe. It is said that the Phoenicians had settlements far up on the northern shores of Norway also, where they spread the worship of their god Baal.

    As the Panis were traders they were the first to invent a purely alphabetical script, which was afterwards borrowed and improved on by Greeks. The Semites also, with the help of the Chaldeans who were originally the Cholas of South India, founded the famous kingdoms of Babylonia and Assyria, to which also the early European civilization was greatly indebted. The ancient Egyptians, which are considered to be an amalgamation of the Punic race (the Panis) the Pandyas of the Malabar coast of South India, and the aboriginal inhabitants of the land, developed a civilization, which had great influence over European civilization. The Greeks received their culture from the Phoenicians, the Babylonians, and the Egyptians, and imparted it to the Romans, who in turn passed it on to the Iberians, the Celts, the Teutons, and Slavs.

    The above is a rapid sketch of the interesting romance of the expansion of Indo-Aryan civilization from Sapta-Sindhu and the Deccan over Western Asia, Northern Africa, and Europe.

    Besides being great merchants, the Panis possessed a large number of cattle; the Rishis also stood in great need of them, since their sacrifices could not be performed without milk, ghee and curd.

    Regular and systematic attempts had to be made by the ancient Aryans to steal away the cattle of the Panis. Thus a deadly hostility sprang up between the two, the sacrificers stealing away the cows whenever they could and the Panis recovering them heroically. In Hymn 108, book X of the Rig Veda a very interesting description is given of how the Rishis sent Sarama to the Panis to get hold of a number of